Anti-CD28 Humanized Antibodies

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to humanized antibodies directed against the human lymphocyte receptor CD28. When used in a monovalent form these antibodies are antagonists, i.e. capable of blocking of the CD28/B7 interaction, without activating CD28. These antibodies can be used in particular as therapeutic agents for blocking T cell activation through the CD28 receptor.

SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMISSION VIA EFS-WEB

A computer readable text file, entitled “045636-5202_(—)01-SequenceListing.txt,” created on or about Jul. 8, 2014, with a file size of about 36 kb contains the sequence listing for this application and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present invention relates to humanized antibodies binding CD28, to monovalent fragments thereof, and to their therapeutic uses, in particular in the context of regulating T cell activation.

Abnormal activation of T cells is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, and also in transplant rejection phenomena, where they cause an immune response directed against the transplanted organ to develop.

One of the most important systems for regulating T lymphocyte activation is the molecular system B7/CD28/CTLA4. This system plays, for example, an essential role in the mechanisms of transplant rejection (WOODWARD et al., Transplantation, 66, 14-20, 1998). The molecules B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) borne by the APCs can activate the receptor CD28 and also the receptor CTLA4 of T lymphocytes. The activation of CD28 sends the T lymphocyte a positive signal which stimulates the cell; on the other hand, the activation of CTLA4 sends a negative signal which leads to a non-response (anergy) (FALLARINO et al., J. Exp. Med., 188, 205-210, 1998).

Resting T lymphocytes express a large amount of CD28 and very little CTLA4. When there is a first cognitive contact between an APC and a T lymphocyte, the CD28/B7 interaction is favored, which activates the cell. It is only several hours after the initiation of activation that, due to the increase in membrane expression of CTLA4, the affinity of which for B7 is 5 to 10 times greater than that of CD28, the B7/CD28 interaction shifts in favor of a B7/CTLA4 interaction.

Regulatory T lymphocytes express a large amount of CD28 and of CTLA4 that prevent or allow, respectively, the suppressive activity of regulatory T lymphocytes. In the presence of APC expressing high level of B7, the CD28/B7 interaction prevents the suppressive activity of regulatory T lymphocytes (Sansom et al., Trends Immunol. 24, 314-319, 2003).

Selective inhibition of the agonist signal given to the T cell by CD28, leaving the antagonist system consisting of the pair CTLA4/B7 intact, via specific blocking of the CD28/B7 interaction, would make it possible to prevent T lymphocyte activation and to promote immune suppression by regulatory T lymphocytes. Such specific blocking of the CD28/B7 interaction can be obtained using some antibodies directed against CD28.

These antibodies are to be used in a monovalent form (for instance as Fab or scFv fragments), since when used in their divalent native form, their binding to CD28 brings about the dimerization and the activation of this receptor. Fab fragments each contain a light chain and the first half of a heavy chain; scFv fragments consist of the variable portions of the heavy and light chains of a parent antibody, connected to one another via a flexible linker (CLACKSON et al., Nature, 352, 624-628, 1991), thus forming a single-chain protein.

One such antibody is antibody CD28.3, produced by the hybridoma cell line CNCM I-2582, and disclosed in PCT application WO 02/051871. This antibody, when used in a monovalent form such as scFv fragments, is capable of blocking in vitro the CD28 receptor without activating it (PCT WO 02/051871; VANHOVE et al., Blood, 102, 564-70, 2003), and has shown also its efficiency in vivo in models of organ transplantation in mice and in primates (POIRIER et al., World Transplant Congress, Sydney, Australia. Aug. 16-21, 2008; POIRIER et al, Sci Trans Med, 2:17, p17ra10, 2010).

A drawback of all monoclonal antibodies derived from murine sources, is their immunogenicity when administered to human subjects. They provoke anti-mouse immune response, which results in a lesser efficiency of the treatment, in particular when repeated administration is required.

This drawback can, in principle, be avoided by the use of humanized antibodies. The aim of humanization is to obtain a recombinant antibody which has similar antigen-binding properties as the mouse monoclonal antibody from which the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) sequences were derived, and which is far less immunogenic in humans.

The CDRs are the portions of the variable domains of an antibody which directly contact the antigen and determine the antigen-binding specificity; the framework regions (FRs) which are located between the CDRs in the variable domains do not directly contact the antigen, but serves as a scaffold to maintain the global structure of the variable domains.

Several approaches to antibody humanization have been reported. The more widely used are based on “CDR grafting”, which involves the transplantation of the CDRs of a murine antibody into appropriate human FRs. However, in many antibodies, some FR residues are important for antigen binding, because they influence the conformation of CDRs and thus their antigen binding properties, in particular the binding affinity. A loss in binding affinity is particularly detrimental in the case of an antibody intended to be used in a monovalent form which generally exhibit less affinity for the antigen than the native divalent antibody. Thus, in most cases, it is further necessary, in order to obtain a sufficient binding affinity, to reintroduce one or several framework residues from the mouse antibody in the human FRs, with the risk of simultaneously bringing back unwanted immunogenicity.

Another approach to antibody humanisation, called “de-immunization”, involves the identification within the FRs regions of the antibody, of B-cell and T-cell epitopes recognized as “foreign” and therefore potentially immunogenic in humans, and to remove them by appropriate amino-acids substitutions. This approach however also entails the risk that FR residues important for antigen binding are deleted. Moreover, some immunogenic epitopes may lie in the CDRs and trying to remove them involves a very high risk of destroying not only the antigen-binding affinity but also the antigen-binding specificity of the antibody.

Therefore, a major issue in antibody humanisation is to determine which amino acid residues are critical for retaining the antigen-binding properties. Various methods have been proposed for predicting the more appropriate sites for substitution in the FRs regions. Although they provide general principles that may be of some help in the first steps of humanization, the final result greatly varies from an antibody to another. Thus, for a given antibody, it is very difficult to foretell which substitutions will provide the desired result. In the case wherein not only substitutions in the FRs, but also in the CDRs would be necessary to decrease satisfactorily the immunogenicity in humans, the final result becomes totally unpredictable.

The inventors have succeeded in producing humanized CD28.3 (hereinafter referred to as hCD28.3), with a low immunogenicity, and which, although it has several amino-acids substitutions including a non-conservative K→Q substitution in the CDR2 of the heavy chain, retains the CD28 binding properties of the parent mouse CD28.3. When used in a monovalent form, the hCD28.3 of the invention also retains the CD28 binding properties of the parent mouse CD28.3.

The present invention provides an anti-CD28 antibody, characterised in that it is selected among:

a) an antibody having a CD28-binding site consisting of:

-   -   a first variable domain (also defined herein as the “heavy chain         variable domain”) defined by the following sequence:

VQLQQSGAELKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTEYIIHWIKLRSGQGLEWI GWFYPGSNDIQYNAQFKGKATLTADKSSSTVYMELTGLTPEDSAVYFCARRDDFSG YDALPYWGQGTLVTVSA (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein said variable domain may optionally further comprise a Q residue at its N-terminal end;

-   -   a second variable domain (also defined herein as the “light         chain variable domain”) defined by the following sequence:

DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCKTNENIYSNLAWYQQKDGKSPQLL IYAATHLVEGVPSRFSGSGSGTQYSLTISSLQPEDFGNYYCQHFWGTPXTFGGGTKLEI KR (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein X=C, A, or N.

b) an antibody having a CD28-binding site consisting of:

-   -   a first variable domain having the CDRs of the variable domain         of SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   a second variable domain having the CDRs of the variable domain         of SEQ ID NO: 2.

The term “anti-CD28 antibody” herein refers to any antigen-binding protein having at least one antigen-binding site (consisting of the variable domains of the light chain and of the heavy chain) able to specifically bind human CD28. It encompasses antibodies in a divalent form (such as native immunoglobulin molecules or F(ab)′₂ fragments) with two CD28-binding sites, as well as antibodies in a monovalent form which have a single CD28-binding site, (for instance Fab, Fab′, Fv and scFv fragments). In most cases, antibodies in a monovalent form will be preferred.

It includes in particular recombinant antibodies comprising a CD28-binding site associated with one or more heterologous polypeptide(s).

By way of example, an antibody of the invention may be a recombinant Fab or Fab′ fragment containing the constant domain CH1 of a human immunoglobulin fused at the C-terminal end of the variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the constant domain CL of a human immunoglobulin fused at the C-terminal end of the variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 2. An example of such a recombinant Fab fragment is a Fab fragment with a heavy chain having the sequence of amino-acids 21-251 of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain having the sequence of amino-acids 21-234 of SEQ ID NO: 6.

Also, a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention may comprise, besides the variable domains of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2, defined above, one or more of the following components:

-   -   a human constant region (Fc). This constant region can be         selected among constant domains from any class of         immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA and IgE, and any         isotype, including IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Preferred constant         regions are selected among constant domains of IgG, in         particular IgG4.     -   a protein which makes it possible to prolong the plasma         half-life when it is administered in vivo under monovalent form         as disclosed for instance in PCT WO 02/051871; in a preferred         embodiment, said protein is the CH2-CH3 domains of an IgG         molecule, as disclosed in PCT/IB/2010/000196; according to said         embodiment, a hCD28.3 monovalent antibody of the invention is an         heterodimer of:     -   a first protein chain consisting essentially of, from its         N-terminus to its C-terminus:     -   a region A having the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   a region B consisting of a peptide linker and the CH2 and CH3         domains of an IgG immunoglobulin;     -   a second protein chain consisting essentially of, from its         N-terminus to its C-terminus:     -   a region A′ having the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2;     -   a region B identical to the region B of the first polypeptide.

Preferably, the peptide linker is the hinge region of human IgG1 immunoglobulins having the sequence EPKSCDKTHTCPPCP (SEQ ID NO: 7), and the CH2 and CH3 domains are those of an immunoglobulin of the IgG4 subclass. One can also use a shortened version of said hinge region, having the sequence DKTHTCPPCP (SEQ ID NO: 8).

According to a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide sequence of the first protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-368 of SEQ ID NO: 10, and the polypeptide sequence of the second protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-355 of SEQ ID NO: 12. According to another preferred embodiment, the polypeptide sequence of the first protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-373 of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the polypeptide sequence of the second protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-360 of SEQ ID NO: 16.

Optionally, a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention may further comprise one or more of the following components:

-   -   a protein having pharmacological activity (for example a toxin);     -   one or more tag polypeptide(s).

Alternatively, to prolong their plasma half life, in particular when they are under the form of Fab fragments, the antibodies of the invention can be conjugated with water soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEGylation). PEGylation is a classical way to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic polypeptides, and can be achieved by techniques known in the art.

In this respect, the inventors found that the replacement of the original cysteine residue at position 96 of the variable domain of the native CD 28.3 by an alanine or an asparagine residue (resulting in an antibody having a light chain containing a variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 2 wherein X=A or N) allowed a better efficacy in pegylation of the antibody using maleimide-activated polyethylene glycol (targeting reactive cystein residues), without modifying substantially its binding activity, although cysteine-96 is comprised in the CDR3 of the antibody light chain. The benefit of the replacement of the original cysteine residue at position 96 of the variable domain mainly consist in a specific branching of the polyethylene glycol onto the C-terminal cysteine residue of the heavy chain. Without replacement of the original cysteine residue at position 96 of the variable domain of the native CD 28.3, maleimide-activated polyethylene glycol can bind to that cysteine residue and impair the binding activity of the Fab molecule.

The inventors also found that addition of a di-alanine extension after the C-terminal cysteine of the heavy chain also resulted in a better pegylation efficiency.

The invention also encompasses a polynucleotide selected among:

a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 1, in particular a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1;

b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 2, in particular a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2;

c) a polynucleotide encoding an hCD28.3 antibody of the invention, as defined above.

Polynucleotides of the invention generally also comprise additional sequences: for instance they may advantageously comprise a sequence encoding a leader sequence or signal peptide allowing secretion of said protein chain.

The present invention also encompasses recombinant vectors, in particular expression vectors, comprising a polynucleotide of the invention, associated with transcription- and translation-controlling elements which are active in the host cell chosen. Vectors which can be used to construct expression vectors in accordance with the invention are known in themselves, and will be chosen in particular as a function of the host cell intended to be used.

The present invention also encompasses host-cells transformed with a polynucleotide of the invention. Preferably, said host cell is transformed with a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding the heavy chain of a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention and a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding the light chain of a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention, and expresses said antibody. Said polynucleotides can be inserted in the same expression vector, or in two separate expression vectors.

Host cells which can be used in the context of the present invention can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Among the eukaryotic cells which can be used, mention will in particular be made of plant cells, cells from yeast, such as Saccharomyces, insect cells, such as Drosophila or Spodoptera cells, and mammalian cells such as HeLa, CHO, 3T3, C127, BHK, COS, etc., cells.

The construction of expression vectors of the invention and the transformation of the host cells can be carried out by the conventional techniques of molecular biology.

Still another objet of the invention is a method for preparing a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention. Said method comprises culturing a host-cell transformed with a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding the heavy chain of a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention and a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding the light chain of a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention and recovering said antibody from said culture.

If the antibody is secreted by the host-cell, it can be recovered directly from the culture medium; if not, cell lysis will be carried out beforehand. The antibody can then be purified from the culture medium or from the cell lysate, by conventional procedures, known in themselves to those skilled in the art, for example by fractionated precipitation, in particular precipitation with ammonium sulfate, electrophoresis, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, etc.

The hCD28.3 antibodies of the invention can be used to obtain medicinal products. These medicinal products are also part of the object of the invention.

The present invention also comprises a therapeutic composition comprising a hCD28.3 antibody of the invention, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Preferably, said composition is a composition for parenteral administration, formulated to allow the administration of a dose of from 0.5 to 20 mg/Kg, advantageously of from 5 to 10 mg/Kg of an hCD28.3 antibody of the invention. The injection route of the composition can be preferably sub-cutaneous or intra-venous.

For instance, hCD28.3 antibodies of the invention can be used to obtain immunosuppressant medicinal products which selectively blocks T cell activation phenomena involving the CD28 receptor. Such immunosuppressant medicinal products which act by selective blocking of CD28 have applications in all T lymphocyte-dependent pathological conditions, including in particular transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, T lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, and type IV hypersensitivity, which is involved in allergic phenomena and also in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, in particular following infection with a pathogenic agent (in particular leprosy, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, listeriosis, etc.).

The present invention will be understood more clearly from the further description which follows, which refers to nonlimiting examples of the preparation and properties of a hCD28.3 antibody in accordance with the invention.

The construction of expression vectors of the invention and the transformation of host-cells can be made by the standard techniques of molecular biology.

A hCD28.3 antibody of the invention can be obtained by culturing a host cell containing an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding said antibody, under conditions suitable for the expression thereof, and recovering said antibody from the host cell culture.

The present invention will be further illustrated by the following additional description, which refers to examples illustrating the properties of hCD28.3 antibodies of the invention. It should be understood however that these examples are given only by way of illustration of the invention and do not constitute in any way a limitation thereof.

LEGENDS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Nucleotidic (SEQ ID NO: 3) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 4) sequences of the Signal-VH-hCH1 construction. Bold: leader sequence (Nucleotide, SEQ ID NO: 17; amino acid, SEQ ID NO: 18); Underlined: positions of the CDRs (SEQ ID NO: 19, 20 and 21) of the parent CD28.3 antibody. Italics: human CH1 region (Nucleotide, SEQ ID NO: 22; amino acid, SEQ ID NO: 23); Highlighted and double underlined: substitutions made in the CD28.3 antibody VH region.

FIG. 2: Nucleotidic (SEQ ID NO: 5) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 6) sequences of the Signal-VL-hCκ construction. Bold: leader sequence (Nucleotide, SEQ ID NO: 24; amino acid, SEQ ID NO: 25); Underlined: positions of the CDRs (SEQ ID NO: 26, 27, and 28) of the parent CD28.3 antibody. Italics: human c kappa region (Nucleotide, SEQ ID NO: 29; amino acid, SEQ ID NO: 30); Highlighted and double underlined: substitutions made in the CD28.3 antibody VL region.

FIG. 3: A) optical density at 405 nm for increasing concentrations of FR104, hCD28.3 Fab or CD28.3 Fab in the Binding ELISA; B) calculation of the regression curves, allowing for determining comparative AC50 values.

FIG. 4: Nucleotidic (SEQ ID NO: 9) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 10) sequences of the hVHCD28.3-short hingeγ1-hγ4CH2CH3 construction. Bold: leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18). Underlined: CDRs (SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, and 21). Double underlined: hinge region (SEQ ID NO: 8). Dotted underlined: CH2-CH3 domains (SEQ ID NO: 31) of the human IgG4.

FIG. 5: Nucleotidic (SEQ ID NO: 11) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 12) sequences of the hVLCD28.3-short hingeγ1-hγ4CH2CH3 construction. Bold: leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 25). Underlined: CDRs. Double underlined: hinge region (SEQ ID NO: 8). Dotted underlined: CH2-CH3 domains (SEQ ID NO: 31) of the human IgG4.

FIG. 6: Nucleotidic (SEQ ID NO: 13) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 14) sequences of the hVHCD28.3-full hingeγ1-hγ4CH2CH3 construction. Bold: leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18). Underlined: CDRs (SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, and 21). Double underlined: hinge region (SEQ ID NO: 7). Dotted underlined: CH2-CH3 domains (SEQ ID NO: 31) of the human IgG1.

FIG. 7: Nucleotidic (SEQ ID NO: 15) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 16) sequences of the hVLCD28.3-full hingeγ1-hγ4CH2CH3 construction. Bold: leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 25). Underlined: CDRs (SEQ ID NO: 26, 27 and 28). Double underlined: hinge region (SEQ ID NO: 7). Dotted underlined: CH2-CH3 domains (SEQ ID NO: 31) of the human IgG 1.

FIG. 8: Anti-CD28 binding properties of hVH/VL CD28.3 monovalent antibodies. COS cells were co-transfected with 2 μg (each) pSignal-hVH-short hingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3 and pSignal-hVL-short hingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3, or co-transfected with 2 μg (each) pSignal-hVH-full hingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3 and pSignal-hVL-full hingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3. After 6 days, supernatants were collected and monovalent antibodies were dosed using a first sandwich ELISA. Supernatants were also assessed with a binding ELISA on immobilized CD28 target molecules and bound monovalent anti-CD28 antibodies were revealed with anti-human Fc antibodies labeled with peroxidase. A: Optical density obtained with indicated molecules according to their concentration. B: table with regression curves and the calculation of ED50 (effective dose 50), the concentration needed to reach 50% binding activity in this assay.

FIG. 9: hVH/VL CD28.3 monovalent antibodies inhibit IL-2 secretion by activated T cells. Jurkat T cells were stimulated with SEE superantigen and Raji antigen-presenting-cells during 48 h, in the presence of indicated concentrations of purified hVH/VL-short hingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3 monovalent antibodies. Supernatant were collected and IL-2 measured by ELISA.

FIG. 10: SP sepharose HP-chromatography (left) and SDS-PAGE (right) under unreduced conditions after pegylation of C96-Fabs from humanised CD28.3 antibody. Lane 1: marker; lane 2: load; lane 3: Peak 1; lane 4: Peak 2; lane 5: Peak 3.

FIG. 11: Binding properties for CD28 of recombinant hCD28.3 Fabs with or without C96 mutations. The graph shows binding activity (Y axis) according to Fab concentration (X axis).

FIG. 12: SP sepharose HP-chromatography (left) and SDS-PAGE (right) under unreduced conditions after pegylation of C96A-Fabs from humanised CD28.3 antibody. Lane 1: MW markers; lane 2: Pegylated proteins pre-chromatography; lane 3: peak 1 containing the monopegylated Fab, representing 41% of the starting material.

FIG. 13: SP sepharose HP-chromatography (left) and SDS-PAGE (right) under unreduced conditions after pegylation of C96A-Fabs from humanised CD28.3 antibody with a CAA C-terminal sequence in the heavy chain. Lane 1: MW markers; lane 2: Pegylated proteins pre-chromatography; lane 3: peak.

EXAMPLE 1 Construction and Eucaryotic Expression of a hCD28.3 Monovalent Antibody (Fab Fragment) Heavy Chain:

The sequence encoding the VH region of hCD28.3 (SEQ ID NO: 1) in fusion with the sequence encoding the human CH1 region (NCBI Accession number AAF03881) and with a sequence encoding the leader peptide of the heavy chain of the native murine CD28.3 antibody, was synthesized chemically, and introduced in the cloning vector pGA18 (Geneart) for amplification. The sequence was then excised by digestion with KpnI/BamHI restriction enzymes and subcloned into the KpnI/BamHI sites of the plasmid pcDNA3.1-hygro (Invitrogen). Positive clones were amplified and purified by Midiprep-endotoxin free (Macherey-Nagel) for transfection step.

The resulting plasmid is designated pSignal-VH-hCH1. It comprises a construct containing the sequence encoding the VH region of hCD28.3 between the sequence encoding the CD28.3 heavy chain leader peptide and the sequence encoding the human CH1 region (NCBI Accession number AAF03881). The nucleotidic and amino acid sequences of this construct are shown on FIG. 1. They are also represented as SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 in the enclosed sequence listing.

Light Chain:

The sequence encoding the VL region of hCD28.3 (SEQ ID NO: 2) in fusion with the sequence encoding the human c kappa region (NCBI accession number BAC01725) and with a sequence encoding the leader peptide of the light chain of the native murine CD28.3 antibody, was synthesized chemically, and introduced in the cloning vector pGA18 (Geneart) for amplification. The sequence was then excised by digestion with KpnI/BamHI restriction enzymes and subcloned into the KpnI/BamHI sites of the plasmid pcDNA3.A-hygro (Invitrogen). Positive clones were amplified and purified by Midiprep-endotoxin free (Macherey-Nagel) for transfection step.

The resulting plasmid is designated pSignal-VL-hCκ. It comprises a construct containing the sequence encoding the VL region of hCD28.3 between the sequence encoding the CD28.3 light chain signal peptide and the sequence encoding the human c kappa region (NCBI accession number BAC01725). The nucleotidic and amino acid sequences of this construct are shown on FIG. 2. They are also represented as SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6 in the enclosed sequence listing.

Eucaryotic Expression

COS cells were co-transfected with 2 μg (each) pSignal-VL-hCH1 and pSignal-VH-hCH1 using the Fugene lipofection kit (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cultures were maintained for 3 days at 37° C., divided one third, and put back into culture for an additional 3 days, after which time the cell supernatants were collected.

The activity of the hCD28.3 monovalent antibody is evaluated directly in the supernatant by ELISA, as described in Example 2 below.

EXAMPLE 2 Detection of the hCD28.3 Fab Fragment Binding Activity by ELISA

The binding properties of the hCD28.3 Fab fragment have been compared with those obtained after transfection of Cos cells with plasmids coding for CD28.3 Fab (not humanized), using two ELISA assays

-   -   First (Sandwich ELISA), the concentrations of the hCD28.3 and         CD28.3 Fab fragments in the culture supernatants of transfected         COS cells have been determined using a sandwich ELISA. Briefly,         the anti-CD28 Fab contained in the supernatants are first         captured by a rabbit polyclonal antibody, specific for the heavy         and light variable domains of CD28.3 (obtained after         immunization of rabbits with a single-chain-FIT containing the         heavy and light variable domains of the native CD28.3, and         purified by immunoadsorption on CD28.3 Fab-Sepharose). The         captured proteins are then revealed with a murine monoclonal         antibody directed to the kappa chain of human IgG, followed by a         polyclonal goat anti-mouse antibody labelled with peroxidase.         Bound antibody was revealed by colorimetry using the TMB         substrate, and read at 405 nm.

The OD corresponding to different dilutions of the supernatant are then compared to a standard curve obtained with known quantities of a CD28.3 Fab, called FR104, purified from culture supernatant of transformed CHO cells with standard techniques of chromatography, and dosed with a BCA (bisynchronic acid) assay. FR104 contains the native (not humanized), VH and VL regions of the CD28.3 antibody. Therefore, we can evaluate the amount of Fab proteins present in cell supernatants.

-   -   Second (Binding ELISA), for testing the binding activity of         hCD28.3 Fab fragments compared to CD28.3 Fab, chimeric human         CD28/Fc (R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom) was used at 2         μg/ml in carbonate buffer 0.05M pH 9.2 to coat the wells (50         μL/well) of microtiter plates (Nunc Immunoplates) overnight at         4° C. These immobilized CD28 target molecules will bind only         immunoreactive molecules with anti-CD28 activity.

The wells were then washed 3 times successively with 200 μL PBS-0.05% Tween, and saturated with 100 μL PBS Tween 0.1% BSA 1% for 2 hours at 37° C.

Then, after 3 washings with 200 μL PBS-0.05% Tween, supernatants containing known concentrations of CD28.3 or hCD28.3 Fab fragments were added (50 μL/well) at different dilutions in PBS-0.1% Tween and incubated for 2 hours at 37° C. After 3 washings with 200 μL PBS-0.05% Tween, a murine monoclonal antibody directed to the kappa chain of human IgG, (1/10000 dilution) was added (1 hour, 37° C.), followed by peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies (1/2000 dilution), followed by colorimetric revelation using the TMB substrate and reading at 405 nm.

Then the results are plotted as the absorbance (Y axis), measured with the binding ELISA, according to the Fab concentration (X axis), measured with the sandwich ELISA. An AC50 (Antibody Concentration 50) is determined after calculating the slope of the curve in its linear range as the concentration of the anti-CD28 Fab needed to reach 50% of the maximal optical density (OD) in the binding assay.

The results are shown on FIG. 3 and Table I.

FIG. 3A shows the optical density at 405 nm for increasing concentrations of FR104, hCD28.3 Fab or CD28.3 Fab in the Binding ELISA.

FIG. 3 B shows the calculation of the regression curves, allowing for determining comparative AC50 values.

Table I below summarises the OD50, the equation, and the AC50 for the standard FR104, and the Fab fragments VH-wild type+VL-wild type and Fab hCD28.3

TABLE I OD50 Equation AC50 Std FR104 1.792 y = 1.1424Ln(x) − 3.6351 115 CD28.3 Fab 1.82 y = 0.9776Ln(x) − 3.2483 162 hCD28.3 Fab 1.804 y = 1.0217Ln(x) − 3.2859 151

These results show that 50% of the binding activity to CD28 could be reached at a concentration similar for Fab fragments VH-wild type+VL-wild type (CD28.3 Fab) and hCD28.3 Fab. The concentration is slightly lower for the standard, probably because it is purified before the assay. Thus hCD28.3 retains the CD28-binding properties of the wild type VH and VL sequences of CD28.

EXAMPLE 3 Construction and Eucaryotic Expression of a hCD28.3 Monovalent Antibody (FV-FC Fragment) with a Short γ1 Hinge and a γ4 CH2-CH3 Domain

Heavy Chain: The sequence encoding the VH region of hCD28.3 (SEQ ID NO: 1) in C-terminal fusion with the sequence encoding a portion of the hinge region of the human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 8), with CH2-CH3 domains of the human IgG4 (nucleotides 787 to 1440 of the sequence NCBI Accession number BC025985) and in N-terminal position with a sequence encoding the leader peptide of the heavy chain of the native murine CD28.3 antibody, was synthesized chemically, and introduced in the cloning vector pMA (Geneart) for amplification. The sequence was then excised by digestion with NheI/EcoRI restriction enzymes and subcloned into the NheI/EcoRI sites of the plasmid pCIneo (Promega). After transformation of E. coli cells, positive clones were amplified and extracted plasmids were purified by Midiprep-endotoxin free columns (Macherey-Nagel).

The resulting plasmid is designated pSignal-hVH-shorthingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3. It comprises a construct containing the sequence encoding the VH region of hCD28.3 between the sequence encoding the CD28.3 heavy chain signal peptide and the sequence encoding a part of the human γ1 hinge region and of the human γ4 CH2-CH3 domains. The nucleotidic and amino acid sequences of this construct are shown on FIG. 4. They are also represented as SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10 in the enclosed sequence listing.

Light Chain:

The sequence encoding the VL region of hCD28.3 (SEQ ID NO: 2) in fusion with the sequence encoding a portion of the hinge region of the human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 8), with CH2-CH3 domains of the human IgG4 (nucleotides 787 to 1440 of the sequence NCBI Accession number BC025985) and in N-terminal position with a sequence encoding the leader peptide of the heavy chain of the native murine CD28.3 antibody, was synthesized chemically, and introduced in the cloning vector pMA (Geneart) for amplification. The sequence was then excised by digestion with NheI/EcoRI restriction enzymes and subcloned into the NheI/EcoRI sites of the plasmid pCINeo (Promega). After transformation of E. coli cells, positive clones were amplified and extracted plasmids were purified by Midiprep-endotoxin free columns (Macherey-Nagel).

The resulting plasmid is designated pSignal-hVL-shorthingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3. It comprises a construct containing the sequence encoding the VL region of hCD28.3 between the sequence encoding the CD28.3 light chain signal peptide and the sequence encoding a part of the human γ1 hinge region and of the human γ4 CH2-CH3 domains. The nucleotidic and amino acid sequences of this construct are shown on FIG. 5. They are also represented as SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12 in the enclosed sequence listing.

Eukaryotic Expression

COS cells were co-transfected with 1 μg (each) pSignal-hVL-shorthingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3 and pSignal-hVH-shorthingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3, using the Lipofectamine lipofection kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cultures were maintained for 3 days at 37° C., after which time the cell supernatants were collected. The activity of the monovalent antibody is evaluated directly in the supernatant by ELISA, as described in Example 5 below.

EXAMPLE 4 Construction and Eucaryotic Expression of a hCD28.3 Monovalent Antibody (FV-FC Fragment) with a Full Length γ1 Hinge and a γ4 CH2-CH3 Domain Heavy Chain:

The sequence encoding the VH region of hCD28.3 (SEQ ID NO: 1) in C-terminal fusion with the sequence encoding a full length hinge region of the human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 7), with CH2-CH3 domains of the human IgG4 (nucleotides 787 to 1440 of the sequence NCBI Accession number BC025985) and in N-terminal position with a sequence encoding the leader peptide of the heavy chain of the native murine CD28.3 antibody, was synthesized chemically, and introduced in the cloning vector pMA (Geneart) for amplification. The sequence was then excised by digestion with NheI/EcoRI restriction enzymes and subcloned into the NheI/EcoRI sites of the plasmid pCIneo (Promega). After transformation of E. coli cells, positive clones were amplified and extracted plasmids were purified by Midiprep-endotoxin free columns (Macherey-Nagel).

The resulting plasmid is designated pSignal-hVH-fullhingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3. It comprises a construct containing the sequence encoding the VH region of hCD28.3 between the sequence encoding the CD28.3 heavy chain signal peptide and the sequence encoding the human γ1 hinge region and the human γ4 CH2-CH3 domains. The nucleotidic and amino acid sequences of this construct are shown on FIG. 6. They are also represented as SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14 in the enclosed sequence listing.

Light Chain:

The sequence encoding the VL region of hCD28.3 (SEQ ID NO: 2) in fusion with the sequence encoding the full length hinge region of the human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 7), with CH2-CH3 domains of the human IgG4 (nucleotides 787 to 1440 of the sequence NCBI Accession number BC025985) and in N-terminal position with a sequence encoding the leader peptide of the heavy chain of the native murine CD28.3 antibody, was synthesized chemically, and introduced in the cloning vector pMA (Geneart) for amplification. The sequence was then excised by digestion with NheI/EcoRI restriction enzymes and subcloned into the NheI/EcoRI sites of the plasmid pCIneo (Promega). After transformation of E. coli cells, positive clones were amplified and extracted plasmids were purified by Midiprep-endotoxin free columns (Macherey-Nagel).

The resulting plasmid is designated pSignal-hVL-fullhingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3. It comprises a construct containing the sequence encoding the VL region of hCD28.3 between the sequence encoding the CD28.3 light chain signal peptide and the sequence encoding the human γ1 full length hinge region and of the human γ4 CH2-CH3 domains. The nucleotidic and amino acid sequences of this construct are shown on FIG. 7. They are also represented as SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16 in the enclosed sequence listing.

Eukaryotic Expression

COS cells were co-transfected with 1 μg (each) pSignal-hVH-fullhingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3 and pSignal-hVL-fullhingeγ1-hγ4CH2-CH3 plasmids using the Lipofectamine lipofection kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cultures were maintained for 3 days at 37° C., after which time the cell supernatants were collected.

The activity of the hCD28.3 monovalent antibody is evaluated directly in the supernatant by ELISA, as described in Example 5 below.

EXAMPLE 5 Evaluation of the HCD28.3-Full Length γ1 Hinge-γ4CH2-CH3 Domains and HCD28.3-Short γ1 Hinge-γ4CH2-CH3 Domains Monovalent Antibodies Binding Activity by ELISA

The binding properties of the hCD28.3 monovalent antibodies hCD28.3-full γ1 hinge-γ4CH2-CH3 domains and hCD28.3-short γ1 hinge-γ4CH2-CH3 domains produced by transfected COS cells have been analysed using two ELISA assays.

-   -   First (Sandwich ELISA), the concentrations of the hCD28.3         monovalent antibodies in the culture supernatants of transfected         COS cells have been determined using a sandwich ELISA. Briefly,         the monovalent antibodies contained in the supernatants are         first captured by a goat polyclonal antibody directed to human         IgG. The captured proteins are then revealed with a biotinylated         goat polyclonal anti-human IgG, Fc specific, antibody, then, a         Peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin. Bound antibody was revealed         by colorimetry using the TMB substrate, and read at 405 nm.

The OD corresponding to different dilutions of the supernatant are then compared to a standard curve obtained with known quantities of hCD28.3 monovalent antibodies, purified from culture supernatant of transformed CHO cells with standard techniques of chromatography, and dosed with a BCA (bisynchronic acid) assay.

-   -   Second (Binding ELISA), for testing the binding activity of         hCD28.3 monovalent antibodies, chimeric human CD28/Fc (R&D         Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom) was used at 2 μg/ml in         carbonate buffer 0.05M pH 9.2 to coat the wells (50 μL/well) of         microtiter plates (Nunc Immunoplates) overnight at 4° C. These         immobilized CD28 target molecules will bind only immunoreactive         molecules with anti-CD28 activity.

The wells were then washed 3 times successively with 200 μL PBS-0.05% Tween, and saturated with 100 μL PBS Tween 0.1% BSA 1% for 2 hours at 37° C.

Then, after 3 washings with 200 μL PBS-0.05% Tween, supernatants containing known concentrations of the monovalent antibodies to be tested were added (50 μL/well) at different dilutions in PBS-0.1% Tween and incubated for 2 hours at 37° C. After 3 washings with 200 μL PBS-0.05% Tween, we added (1/500 dilution; 1 hour, 37° C.) a rabbit polyclonal antiserum, specific for the heavy and light variable domains of CD28.3 (obtained after immunization of rabbits with a single-chain-FIT containing the heavy and light variable domains of the native CD28.3, and purified by immunoadsorption on CD28.3 Fab-Sepharose). This was followed by peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibodies (1/2000 dilution), followed by colorimetric revelation using the TMB substrate and reading at 405 nm.

Then the results are plotted as the absorbance (Y axis), measured with the binding ELISA, according to the monovalent antibody concentration (X axis), measured with the sandwich ELISA. An AC50 (Antibody Concentration 50) is determined after calculating the slope of the curve in its linear range as the concentration of the monoclonal antibody needed to reach 50% of the maximal optical density (OD) in the binding assay.

FIG. 8 compares binding activities of hCD28.3-full IgG1 hinge-IgG4CH2-CH3 domains with hCD28.3-short IgG1 hinge-IgG4CH2-CH3 domains monovalent antibodies in the Binding ELISA (FIG. 8A).

FIG. 8B summarises the equation, the regression factor and the AC50 for the monovalent antibodies.

These results show that 50% of the binding activity to CD28 could be reached at a concentration similar for hCD28.3-full γ1 hinge-γ4CH2-CH3 domains or hCD28.3-short γ1 hinge-γ4CH2-CH3 domains monovalent antibodies.

EXAMPLE 6 HCD28.3 Monovalent Antibodies Prevents T Cell Activation

To verify that hCD28.3 monovalent antibody blocks CD28-dependent T cell activation, we stimulated human T cells (Jurkat cells) with SEE superantigen presented by a Raji B cell line. The endotoxin SEE, when presented to the class II-positive B cell lymphoblastoid line Raji, activates the Vβ8-expressing T cell line Jurkat to secrete IL-2 (Herman et al, 1990, J. Exp. Med. 172:709). Since Jurkat cells express high level of CD28 and Raji cells express CD80/86, this reaction is partially dependant on CD28. We measured synthesis of interleukin-2 in this assay by ELISA (ELISA Max™ Set Deluxe Human IL-2 Kit; Biolegend #431805) after 48 h, in the presence of increasing concentrations of hVH/VL CD28.3-short γ1 hinge-γ4CH2-CH3 domains.

The results are shown on FIG. 9. They reveal that hCD28.3 monovalent antibodies reduce IL-2 synthesis by T cells in a dose-dependent manner.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of a Pegylated HCD28.3 Monovalent Antibody

A hCD28.3 Fab fragment prepared as described in Example 1 was pegylated with maleimide-activated 40 KDa PEG using standard conditions for reduction and PEGylation.

Briefly, Fab antibody fragments were concentrated to 1 mg/mL and then diafiltrated against 20 mM Sodium phosphate, 2 mM EDTA, and pH 7.0. Fab′ antibody fragments were then reduced by addition of cysteamine chloride in a molar equivalent ratio=30:1 at room temperature. After 5 hours, solution was applied on a desalting column. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Sunbright GL2 400MA, NOF Corporation) was dissolved in 20 mM Phosphate, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.0 to give 9% (w/w) solution. Desalted Fab solution and PEG were mixed in a molar equivalent ratio=1:1.5 and incubated at ambient temperature for 3 h. Following PEGylation the Fab-peg was purified by chromatography using SP Sepharose HP medium. The target protein was eluted with a salt gradient from 0 to 1 M NaCl. Eluted peaks were analysed by SDS-Page. Peak 1 represented monopegylated material, peak 2 unpegylated material and peak 3 polypegylated material.

The results are shown on FIG. 10.

These results show that a significant part of the Fab proteins from the CD28.3 mAb presents a perturbed pegylation profile which results in a yield of monopegylated Fabs of about 5% only (peak 1).

The CD28.3 mAb contains a cystein residue (C96) that is not engaged in intra or inter-chain dissulfide bridges, at position 96 of the variable domain light chain. Free cystein will possess a higher reactivity than cystein residues engaged into disulfide bridges and will therefore preferentially be targets of maleimide-activated pegs. Therefore it is likely that a second, unwanted pegylation occurs on this residue.

To solve that problem we performed a VL-C96 mutation study to determine whether it was possible to substitute the C96 residue by another amino acid without modifying the binding properties of the antibody.

Plasmid coding for humanized anti-CD28.3 Fabs with unmodified C96 in the light chain, or with C96 to A, G, S, V, T, N or R mutations were constructed and transfected into Cos cells by lipofection, as disclosed in Example 1. Cell supernatants were first analyzed by sandwich ELISA to determine total Fab concentration, as disclosed in Example 2. Then supernatants were analysed by ELISA to determine binding activity on immobilized recombinant CD28, as disclosed in Example 2.

The results are shown in FIG. 11. These results show that unlike all other substitutions tested, the C96A substitution resulted in a fully active antibody and that the C96N substitution resulted only in a moderate reduction of activity.

The C96A Fab fragment variant was pegylated and purified by chromatography as described above. Pegylated proteins pre-chromatography and elution peaks were analysed by SDS-Page. The results are shown on FIG. 12. Peak 1 represents monopegylated material.

These results show that the C96A Fab fragment can be pegylated with an efficacy reaching 41% (FIG. 12).

Advantage of the CAA C-Terminal End of the Heavy Chain.

The immediate molecular environment of a free cystein might modify its accessibility to maleimide-pegylation and therefore modify the yield of the pegylation reaction. One possible option for the C-terminal cystein is to be the last amino acid of the heavy chain. Another option is the addition of “stuff amino acids” at the C-terminal position, after the last cysteine. We therefore compared pegylation efficacy of a Fab′ molecule from the C96A variant of the humanized CD28.3 Mab with the last C-terminal cystein being the last amino acid of the heavy chain (C variant; data shown in FIG. 12) with a similar molecule with the last C-terminal cystein being followed by two alanins (CAA variant). Our data clearly and reproducibly demonstrated that the CAA variant could be pegylated with a 20% higher efficacy (FIG. 13). Indeed pegylation yield that was of 41% for the C96A-C variant reached 52% for the C96A-CAA variant. 

1-10. (canceled)
 11. A method of treating a T lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune disease and/or a T-lymphocyte-mediated chronic inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an anti-CD28 monovalent antibody to the subject, wherein the anti-CD28 monovalent antibody is selected from the group consisting of: (a) an antibody having a CD28-binding site consisting of: a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 1; and a light chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 2, and (b) an antibody having a CD28-binding site consisting of: a heavy chain variable domain having all three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 1; and a light chain variable domain having all three CDRs of the variable domain of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the monovalent antibody is a heterodimer of: a first protein chain having the sequence of amino-acids 21-251 of SEQ ID NO: 4; and a second protein chain having the sequence of amino-acids 21-234 of SEQ ID NO:
 6. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the monovalent antibody is a heterodimer of: (I) a first protein chain consisting essentially of, from its N-terminus to its C-terminus: i: a region A which is a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 1; and ii: a region B consisting of a peptide linker followed by the CH2 and CH3 domains of an IgG immunoglobulin, and (II) a second protein chain consisting essentially of, from its N-terminus to its C-terminus: i: a region A′ which is a light chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 2; and ii: a region B identical to the region B of the first protein chain.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the peptide linker is selected from the group consisting of: a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 7; and a peptide of SEQ ID NO:
 8. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the CH2 and CH3 domains are those of an immunoglobulin of the IgG4 subclass.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the monovalent antibody is selected from the group consisting of: a monovalent antibody wherein the polypeptide sequence of the first protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-368 of SEQ ID NO: 10, and the polypeptide sequence of the second protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-355 of SEQ ID NO: 12; and a monovalent antibody wherein the polypeptide sequence of the first protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-373 of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the polypeptide sequence of the second protein chain is the sequence of amino-acids 21-360 of SEQ ID NO:
 16. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the second protein chain comprises a variable domain of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the monovalent antibody is administered in a composition and the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the second protein chain comprises a variable domain of SEQ ID NO: 2 where X represents an alanine or an asparagine residue.
 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the monovalent antibody is pegylated.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the heavy chain variable domain further comprises a Q residue at the N-terminal end.
 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.
 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the chronic inflammatory disease is induced by infection with a pathogenic agent.
 23. The method of claim 11, wherein the chronic inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of leprosy, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and listeriosis. 